Which type of radiation effect has a threshold dose below which it will not be observed?

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Deterministic effects are those that show a dose threshold: nothing happens until the absorbed dose reaches a certain level, and once you pass that point, effects appear and typically become more severe as dose increases. That threshold behavior fits the statement about a dose below which the effect won’t be observed. In contrast, stochastic effects (like cancer) can occur at any dose, with probability rising with dose but no clear threshold. The term “threshold effects” isn’t the standard label for this category, while deterministic effects specifically describe this threshold-dependent behavior. So the best choice is deterministic effects.